No Child Left Behind and Special Ed Essay

This paper is composed on the theme â€Å"No Child Left Behind† and how this law relates to and how it influences specialized curriculum. This demonstration was passed n 2001 and is condensed as NCLB and on occasion articulated as nickelbee. This law was proposed by President George W. Hedge in 2001 and it is a US government law. This enactment was base on plan and was spoken to by John Boehner, George Miller, Judd Gregg and Edward Kennedy after which it was marked by President Bush. (Abernathy, 2007). This law was essentially meant to acquire improvement the presentation of the essential and the auxiliary schools in the United States. Additionally, this law likewise expected to lift the gauges of the schools ensuring that they are gives adaptability in picking school to their youngsters. It additionally centered around perusing and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 was likewise re-approved. This Act was presented during the 107th Congress, was passed by the House of Representatives on May 23, 2001and was really marked into law by on January 8, 2002. The objective was essentially to change instruction and to set elevated expectations and to guarantee that these objectives can be estimated and improved. The Act further expresses that the essential aptitudes must be instituted in the understudies and schools must get government financing. Gauges of training are set by each state remembering the authority over the schools. Moreover, this Act additionally expresses that the schools should likewise give the subtleties of the understudies, for example, their name, telephone number and address to the military enrollment specialists and organizations of advanced education and this must be done except if the guardians of that youngster don't ask the school not to give any subtleties. After this Act was passed, the proportions of the demonstration were intensely bantered over its viability. It has likewise been reprimanded and the analysis really was that compelling guidance and understudy learning could be diminished. In any case, on the side of this Act, it is said that deliberate testing gives information thus they schools that don't encourage the fundamental aptitudes in a viable way can be featured after which improvement can be made dependent on the assessments. This would improve the results for the understudies and will likewise limit the hole of accomplishment that continues between the understudies who are hindered in any capacity. (Hess and Petrilli, 2006). At the time this law was executed, the government financing of instruction was expanded by the Congress and the expansion was from$42. 2 billion of every 2001 to $54. 4 billion out of 2007 while No Child Left Behind got a 40. 4% expansion from $17. 4 billion of every 2001 to $24. 4 billion. Afterward, the financing for perusing quadrupled from $286 million of every 2001 to $1. 2 billion. In 2008, an investigation was completed by the Department of Education that demonstrated the No Child Left behind Act on which around a billion dollars were contributed really end up being insufficient. The specialized curriculum programs were presented in the United States and they were made obligatory in 1975. This was the point at which the Congress passed an Act for the help of the incapacitated youngsters. This guarantees each crippled understudy gets free and proper instruction and to apply least limitations to such understudies. Also, to additionally improve and ensure that this Act is being actualized, ordinary gatherings are held between the experts and the guardians of the handicap kids to guarantee that the particular needs of the kids are being met thus that adjustment could be accommodated the youngsters who required them. As indicated by FAPE I. e. Free Appropriate Public Education, the impeded youngsters are to be sans given instruction at open costs. They are likewise coordinated by general society and no charges are applied. It guarantees that the individual needs of the youngster are met and free training is given to them from preschool to optional school instruction. The FAPE additionally forestalls isolation that is done superfluously and to guarantee that they approach the greatest degree. Specialized curriculum administrations and uncommon gear must be given to the impaired youngsters and a progress plan must be created. This arrangement centers around the future objectives of the student and to assist him with living his life in future. Instructors additionally accept that the debilitated kids ought to be shown along with the ordinary youngsters on the grounds that detaching these kids would diminish their confidence just as their capacities. This is called mainstreaming I. e. the coordination of the debilitated and the typical youngsters. In any case, they likewise must have unique study halls and benefits and should likewise have a prepared educator. Additionally, the meetings that are held for the uncommon kids are called asset rooms that are furnished with all the necessary material. Notwithstanding, the handicapped youngsters can likewise join other kids for different exercises and there ought to be no limitation in it. (Pierangelo, 2004). Reference Abernathy, S. (2007). No Child Left Behind and the Public Schools. College of Michigan Press. Hess, F. M. and Petrilli,M. J. (2006). No Child Left Behind. Dwindle Lang Publishing. Pierangelo, R. (2004). The Special Educator’s Survival Guide. second Edn. Jossey-Bass.

Management Theory and Perspective for Theory and Application

Question: Examine about the Management Theory and Perspective for Theory and Application. Answer: Mary Bernier has concentrated on the corporate culture and to make RDA effective, she expressed that the administration must acquire enhancements the work culture. The way of life of the situations should be changed so as to suit to turn into the fruitful business association. Mary Berner has accompanied certain driving thoughts, for example, expanding the pace of turnovers so as to enroll new individuals so they can think of new thoughts. Likewise, the organization can refresh themselves with the inundation of new thoughts and this would additionally assist the organization with generating a superior outcome bit by bit (Schunk, Meece and Pintrich 2012). By conflicting with the hypothesis of inspiration and picking up the rationale of her observation, it very well may be expressed that she is a pragmatist lady. She accepts that RDA can perform well if the representatives would attempt to adjust themselves to the objectives and destinations of the organization, they would be paid for their presentation not for they are attempting. As per her belief system or discernments, culture starts things out and afterward it is trailed by cost and development, as Bernier expressed, I think in the event that you do a great deal of things that individuals who work for y ou ought to do, at that point you don't utilize the advantage of the title or the level. As far as development, it is critical to take a gander at the manner in which the market development is going on if the magazines would satisfy the enthusiasm of the perusers. To begin with, the Berner saw the thought of the organization at that point set out the consequence of her observation (Eliot et al 2017). References Elliot, A.J., Dweck, C.S. furthermore, Yeager, D.S. eds., 2017.Handbook of Competence and Motivation: Theory and Application. Guilford Publications. Schunk, D.H., Meece, J.R. furthermore, Pintrich, P.R., 2012.Motivation in instruction: Theory, research, and applications. Pearson Higher Ed.

Blog Archive MBA Career Advice Failure Is the Key to Success

Blog Archive MBA Career Advice Failure Is the Key to Success In this blog series, our mbaMission Career Coaches offer invaluable advice and industry-related news to help you actively manage your career. Topics include building your network, learning from mistakes and setbacks, perfecting your written communication, and mastering even the toughest interviews. To schedule a free half-hour consultation with one of our mbaMission Career Coaches, click here. We are going to talk quite a bit about failure here. We have a very good reason for doing so, too. If you do not know how to fail, you do not know how to succeed. Almost universally, interviewers, especially in a job recruiting context, will ask you to speak about a past failure, mistake, setback, challenge, piece of constructive feedback, or negative experience. They want to know what went wrong, how you handled it, and most importantly, how you recovered. This is important to them because whatever you seek to do next in your career will require you to learn. Learning happens best when we try, make mistakes, readjust, and make new choices based on a clearer awareness of reality that comes from firsthand experience. Most of us learn by doing. And some of that doing will end in failure. If the word “failure” sends a chill up your spine or brings a dark shadow to your mood, you need to start thinking about it differently. You must  adopt the perspective that failure is your teacher and your friend, not your enemy. Your career destiny will truly be in your own hands when you are no longer afraid to fail. An easy and big step in the right direction is to start cataloging important failures and then recording the lessons they taught you. So get out a sheet of paper and divide it in half. Failure What I learned as a result Client presentation went badly Finished Excel model too late Boss didn’t buy into my idea Always prepare in advance and practice out loud Get manager input at each stage, not just at the end Use more data-based research to persuade her next time These are very simplistic examplesâ€"yours should be much more specific and detailed. Each failure probably conferred multiple valuable lessons. List at least six or seven failures and the corollary learnings. If you have difficulty getting started, going back to the distant past can be easier. Remember that geometry test in tenth grade that you failed, when you ran for class president at age 11 and failed, that big swim meet when you placed last? Start with the failures that no longer have the barb of regret attached, though you will eventually need to look at the painful ones, too. Those will actually be the most important to unlocking your potential for success. Stay tuned to this blog series for tips about how to fail successfully and convert disappointments into stepping stones for a remarkable career. Share ThisTweet MBA Career Advice

Art Is A Waste Of Time - 1533 Words

Art is a waste of time. The tragedy of that statement has been circulated for years on end ever since the renaissance era fled from this world. What people fail to realize is that art is just like math. You may not think it is necessary but we still unconsciously use it in our everyday lives. The growing epidemic here is that the school systems have depleted the need to learn about creativity and self expression, mostly due to money and budget cuts. For the schools who do have art classes available to them, people view the class as unnecessary, and a class where people enroll in if they can’t pick an elective or a major. They undermine the artistic world but what society doesn’t realize is that art is all around them. Art isn’t just putting a pen to a piece of paper. Art is love, expression, and creativity for the passionate mind. It’s also a way to make your thoughts into things, to bring the non-existent into reality, and to leave a mark of something no one else can ever reproduce because the artist has made it into their own unique vision. As simple and irrelevant as art may sound to the common ear, it’s not a subject to be taken lightly. Art should be a bigger part in today’s school systems. Not does art help the mind develop the brain for more critical learning subjects like reading, writing, and literacy, a way to learn about different culture, but art is also a way to channel emotions and use it as a form of coping. For â€Å"Students who don’t have access to art classesShow MoreRelatedIs Art A Waste Of Time?1557 Words   |  7 PagesRobert Southan is a screenplay writer who recounts his encounters with some Effective Altruists in his essay â€Å"Is Art a Waste of Time?† He says that Effective Altruists generally do not consider art to be a worthy profession for they perceive it to be an occupation that has little potential to do good for others. However, they do not take into account the enormous emotional support that art has had for countless people. Music, in particular, is part of nearly all cultures and is instrumental in creatingRead MoreThe Storage Facility Is Changing The Memory Of Nuclear Power949 Words   |  4 PagesNetherlands, the Habog is a treatment and storage center for highly radioactive waste. Construction on the building began in 2000. It is operated by Covra, the Central Organization for Radioactive Waste. The Habog gives insight into the history of nuclear power and the anti-nuclear movement in the Netherlands. The most significant aspect of the facility is its transformation of the traditionally closed off image of nuclear waste into an open and artistic space for visitors. The opening of the HabogRead MoreAnalysis of the Painting Great Detonators by Acamonchi830 Words   |  3 PagesContemporary art is the art created in the present time. Today, artists affected by the social context and personal experiences reproduce pieces of art that question or make a point about controversial issues in our society. A great example is the painting created in 2006 called Great Detonators (â€Å"Grandes Detonadores†) by the Mexican artist Acamonchi. The painting is located in the exhibition The Very large Array: San Diego/ Tijuana Artist in the Peter C. Farrell Gallery inside the Museum of ContemporaryRead MoreVladeks Quirks and Habits1594 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Valerie Alvarado Instructor: Darci Cather English 1302-SP2 5-12-14 Vladek’s Reaction to the Holocaust The Holocaust was a traumatizing and depressing time period in history due to the Nazis in the leadership of their dictator Adolf Hitler. The Nazis were a Political Party during World War ΙΙ from 1941 through 1945. Many Jews during this time were discriminated, murdered, and humiliated in front of many other Jews and Germans. â€Å"Six million Jews died in a merciless way at the hands of the Nazis†Read MoreAnalysis of The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot1571 Words   |  7 Pagesbe a unified and rational Cartesian subject, then T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"heap of broken images† eagerly embraces its fragmented and alienated (post)modern counterpart. The message this phrase bears, resonates throughout the entire poem: from its title, â€Å"The Waste Land†, to its final mantra â€Å"Shantih shantih shantih†. All words, phrases and sentences (or just simply images) which make up this poem seem to, in Levi-Strauss’ words, â€Å"be a valeur symboli que zero [and the signifier] can take on any value requiredRead MoreBob Johnson, A Philosopher And Artist1260 Words   |  6 Pagessculptures innovatively harvest waste, especially those in the river streams, and transform the resulting heap into vivid discussions to what we humans produce in waste and leave behind. Bob Johnson, a Pittsburgh native, started the ATM movement in June of 2003. With a BA, MA in liberal studies and philosophy from Binghamton University. He later pursued a PhD in philosophy from Duquesne University. An a established philosopher by disposition and training, fine art fabricator by profession, and do-goodingRead MoreEssay on The Importance of Recycling891 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen filled by a lot of waste. There is a lot of garbage, plastic waste, and electronic waste. We always produce it and dump it when we need the new one. Our waste are piling up and continuously accumulating. Plastic waste is one of the biggest problems for us now. And our solution in this problem is recycling. In my opinion, recycling is a way to manage used items into new products. We can reduce, reuse, and recycling (3R) waste management (Peter, 2013). We can reduce our waste clothes with reuse itRead More Liberal Education: Why is it important in todays workforce?1607 Words   |  7 PagesWhy do college students need courses in the liberal arts? Is it beneficial or just a waste of time? Will it make them or influence them to become better workers once they graduate or will it just go down the drain and be useless? Student loans are increasing every year, and each student just wants to finish their degrees at a lesser price and a quicker pace, so they can start working and pay for those debts. In today’s society where some to most students are very much career – driven, they decideRead MoreStudy Abroad : A Waste Of Time1500 Words   |  6 PagesStudy Abroad, a waste of time. I think not! Is Study Abroad a waste of time or an exciting experience? I say that it s a great thing and for the right people it’s not a waste. Williamson in â€Å"Study Abroad: Revenue Drain or Stream† for the Chronicle states, â€Å" many higher-education institutions and others have found ways to generate revenue from study-abroad ventures. The World Bank estimates that $300-billion is spent each year on global higher education†¦Ã¢â‚¬ What Williamson really means is that sinceRead MoreDo Schools Really Care About Their Students? Do Schools1456 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"them†. Then there is the fine arts possibly a page here or there in the yearbook that one may have seen. In high school, it is all about finding the groups that benefit one the most. Little do schools know that their beloved sports teams do no provide that. Even though some schools do not care for the fine arts, every school should make the fine arts a requirement in school. On the other hand schools should keep, defunding fine art programs because they are a waste of money. An article called â€Å"Ten

Dessert vs. Desert Tips to Spell Tricky Words

Dessert, the delicious sweet course after a meal, is spelled with two Ss. Desert, the dry, arid land, is spelled with one S. Its easy to understand the difference and remember the spelling by learning a few mnemonic devices and  looking at the origins of the words. Definitions Dessert is the final  course, usually sweet, of a meal. Desert can be used as a noun or a verb. As a noun,  desert refers to  a dry, arid region. As a verb,  it means to abandon. Even if you try  pronouncing  the words for spelling (such as mentally pronouncing Wednesday Wed-NES-day), dessert and desert can be  confusing. Common  spelling rules would suggest that dessert is pronounced /dezert/ (with a short e sound) because the e is followed by two consonants. Desert would be pronounced /dezert/ (with a long e sound) because it is followed by only one consonant. However, even the pronunciation keys for each word in the dictionary look essentially the same: /dəˈzÉ™rt/ (sweets eaten after a meal),  /dəˈzÉ™rt/ (to leave behind), /dezÉ™rt/ (wasteland). How to Remember How to Spell Dessert and Desert One of the best ways to remember how to spell tricky words is to use a mnemonic device. A mnemonic device is a memory tool that helps a person to remember larger bits of information — or tricky-to-spell words — with something easier to remember such as a phrase or rhyme. One example that many people are familiar with is Roy G. Biv for remembering the order of the color spectrum—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. Try these  mnemonics to help you remember how to spell dessert and desert: Dessert is twice as nice as a desert.Desserts spelled backward is stressed. (And maybe you eat dessert when youre stressed.)Strawberry shortcake (two S’s) is for dessert. Sand (one s)  is for desert.It’s too dry in the desert for two S’s to grow. Another way to remember how to spell a word is to investigate and understand its origins. This study of word origins is called etymology. Etymology of the Word Dessert Dessert has its roots in the French language. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word developed in the mid-16th century from the French words des, meaning the last course or removal, and servir, meaning to serve. So, desservir meant to clear the table or to remove the previous courses. It came to refer to the dish (usually sweets) served after the main course had been removed from the table. Understanding the origins of the word dessert,  des servir, helps the two S’s in the word  make more sense. Correct examples of the word  dessert in a sentence: The restaurant serves chocolate cake and apple pie for dessert.Tiramisu is a traditional Italian dessert. Meanwhile, here are a few incorrect examples: The shipwrecked sailor was stranded on a desserted island for two years. (At least it was a â€Å"desserted† so he didn’t have to worry about going hungry!)The streets are so desserted after midnight. (Sounds like a great time to go pick up a  tasty treat since the streets are filled with sweets.) Etymology of Desert To make matters more confusing, there are two meanings  and two pronunciations  for the word desert. Both are derived from Latin. The verb desert, meaning to leave or abandon, comes from the word  desertus, which also means to leave or abandon. It is pronounced with a long e (as in he) and the emphasis is on the first syllable, /de’ zert/. The noun desert, meaning an arid, sandy region, is derived from the Latin word  desertum, meaning something left to waste or a  wasteland. (Both desertus and desertum are different cases of the same word.) Desert, the dry wasteland, is pronounced with a short e (like the first sound in elephant) and the second syllable is stressed. As with dessert, when you understand the origins of the word desert, the spelling makes sense because the Latin word from which desert is derived has only one S. Examples of the  verb desert in a sentence: A soldier who deserts the army can get into serious trouble.Please don’t desert me in my hour of need. Examples of the noun desert in a sentence: One of my favorite desert plants is the cactus.The world’s largest subtropical desert is the Sahara, but Antarctica is considered a desert (polar), too, and is the worlds largest! Incorrect examples of desert: She said, â€Å"Please don’t dessert me.† (Are you sure? Cake or pie would be nice.)It was difficult to cross the dry, sandy dessert. (That must have been one poorly baked cake!) Finally, have you ever heard the expression â€Å"just deserts†? Many people think it’s â€Å"just desserts,† which makes the phrase a bit curious since it means that someone got what they deserved. Did they deserve cake and ice cream? No. The correct phrase is â€Å"just deserts,† from yet another, lesser-known meaning of the word desert. The word can also be a noun meaning a suitable reward or punishment.

Dennis Rader Serial Killer Essay - 1868 Words

Have you ever wondered why some people love art and music, and some love science and math? These individuals love math or art because they get a sense of relaxation and excitement from these activities. Serial killers are the same way they love to kill people and have lots of different motives for why they kill them. A serial killer is a person who kills repeatedly. The one motive that drove Dennis Rader, to kill his victims was to gain power and control over them. In order to identify serial killers before they kill repeatedly, a person needs to study the characteristics that makes up this type of criminals. Most serial killers have been abandoned, by one or both parents, they are emotionally, physically, and even†¦show more content†¦Than at that time Dennis worked for a gear company.(Article 3). No one ever suspected anything suspicious things about him. He was a young normal average human with jobs the same as everyone else in the community. He served in the U.S air force from the mid to late 1960s.(3). Dennis is one of the evil known serial killers in history. He was known as the Btk killer which stood for Bind,Torture and kill. Dennis Rader completely given himself a name so that he was recognized by the people. He wanted them to know that he is the reasons why these people are dying. By Giving himself a name to let the public know that he was out there it was giving him a sense of having power over the situation. On January 15,1974 Dennis Rader killed Four members of the Otero family. This was his first kill. He waited long for the him to recognize his self with the family He has watched them enough to know what he is going to be dealing with. Than he came in their back door and strangled the family one by one. When he was finished he left through the front door. Later that night their 15 year old son from the otero family came home and discovered the bodies.(3). By killing these people he gained a sense of pleasure feeling and power and control over what he was doing. â€Å"Left semen at the scene and later said he derived sexual pleasure from killing†(3). According to this article Rader not only feeling sexual pleasure from this but he feltShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Sadism And Its Effects On Children1398 Words   |  6 Pages2009). Major sexual sadism, on other other hand, is usually not consensual and involves injury or death to the victim. The stimuli in major sexual sadism is having complete control over the victim and instilling the element of fear in their victims. Serial murders satisfy distinctive twisted perversions as they kill. For some, it is a sexual gratification linked to missing feelings of endearment and desire. Others minds are preoccupied with the human body, killing as a way to explore it in sadisticRead MoreEssay The Making of a Serial Killer, An Annotated Bibliography1410 Words   |  6 PagesAnnotated Bibliography: Brogaard, Berit. The Making of a Serial Killer. Psychology Today. Sussex Directories, Inc., 7 Dec. 2012. Web. 03 May 2014. Berit Brogaard, D.M.Sci., Ph.D., is a Professor of Philosophy and the Director of the Brogaard Lab for Multisensory Research at the University of Miami. She earned a medical degree in neuroscience and a doctorate in philosophy. This article explained the traits of a psychopath, such as their callous, manipulative, and cunning behavior, along withRead MoreThe Btk Killer By Dennis Lynn Rader1027 Words   |  5 PagesDennis Lynn Rader was born on March 9, 1945 in Pittsburgh, Kansas. His mother, Dorothea Mae Cook, and father, William Elvin Rader, had three sons in addition to Dennis. In 1975, he married Paula Dietz, and they had one son and one daughter. Throughout his childhood, Dennis displayed signs of what he would become later in life. In reports, as well as his own confession, he tortured animals and had a fetish with women s underwear. Dennis, also known as the BTK killer, had at least ten victimsRead MoreBTK Story1188 Words   |  5 PagesStory Abstract Dennis Lynn Rader was born to Dorothea Mae and William Elvin Rader on March 9, 1945. Otero was found murdered in his home alongside three of his family members. Joseph Otero s wife was beaten, choked and bound before Rader killed her. Rader s next BTK victim was a 21-year-old named Kathryn Bright.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Similarly to Rader s first set of victims, she had been bound with a cord, somewhat clothed and had been choked and stabbed numerous times.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Rader s last two victims wereRead MoreWho Is The Serial Killer?1564 Words   |  7 Pageson the individuals described which one is the serial killer? There is one close by. Could it be the ice cream vendor? Alternatively, maybe the father, possibly even the elderly woman next to you. Most people would automatically assume that the serial killer is the man that is antisocial; walking briskly; head down bundled up on such a warm day. While yes, this is odd it does not necessarily mean that he is capable of killing. Actually, the serial killer in your midst is the man on crutches asking forRead MoreThe Crime Of Serial Murder And Mass Murder1289 Words   |  6 PagesRotten Apples The act of Serial murder and mass murder have similar characteristics, however they are not the same. Before they can be defined, it is necessary to first understand what exactly constitutes murder. According to the United States Code-section 1111, murder is defined as the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought (FindLaw, 2014). With that said, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, â€Å"the term serial murder implies that there are at least three differentRead MoreSerial Killer - Original Writing1425 Words   |  6 Pages When you hear the words serial killer, you instantly think about people like Jeffrey Dahmer, Ed Gein, Ted Bundy, or Charles Manson. You don t think about a family man with a wife and two children, county board member, President of the church congregation council, or a Cub Scout leader. Dennis Rader possessed all of these shining attributes. He also possessed a dark secret. This secret had festered in him from an early age and gr ew as he got older. Dennis Rader had fantasies about bondage, controlRead MoreDennis Rader - BTK3114 Words   |  13 Pagesresearch paper is about Dennis Lynn Rader, also known as the BTK Killer. He haunted the city of Wichita, Kansas for nearly thirty years, from his first killing of the Otero family in 1974 until his arrest in February of 2005. Ten people became his victims and throughout his â€Å"career† as serial killer he taunted the police with letters. You will learn about his upbringing, his methods to kill, his modus operandi, his victims and how he eventually got arrested. Dennis L. Rader, BTK This paper isRead MoreThe Btk Killers Reign Of Terror1435 Words   |  6 PagesOn January 15th 1974 began Dennis Rader, the BTK killers reign of terror. The first victims of Dennis Rader were four members of the Ortero family, Joseph, wife Julie, son Joseph, and daughter Josephine were murdered in their home in the early morning hours between 7:00 am and 7:30 am, Three children of the Ortero family survived because they were already at school. Rader armed with a pistol entered the home and forced the family to go into one of the bedrooms, there he tied the family members upRead MoreCausation of Serial Killers Essay2039 Words   |  9 Pagesactually think its demons within me† (Wenzl et al. 308). Dennis Rader, infamously known as BTK, commented about what he called his â€Å"factor X† above, which he claimed was his motive for killing. The demons within Rader supposedly caused him to murder four members from the Otero Family leaving the youngest daughter hanging in the basement nearly naked and gagged (Wenzl et al. 10). We now know that these demons within and â€Å"factor X† that Rader was referring to was his psychopathology, but we cannot ignore

Case Study Enron Natural Gas Companies

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Enron of Natural Gas Companies. Answer: Introduction The case study talks about a US company named, Enron, which was formed in the year 1986 after Internorth and Houston Natural Gas companies merged. The next fifteen years were seen as the rise and diversification of business into various sectors such as communications, electricity, and natural gas. In the year 2001, the company had employee around 22,000 staff members and the then Chairman of the Board was Mr. Ken Lay and the CEO was Jeff Skilling. The company fell hard on the ground when the market had lost interest and confidence in the company following its big profit and asset write-downs in the third quarter of the years, 2001. This led to a persistent pressure on them to pay their due loans and the possibility of taking new loans became almost impossible. Hence, Enron was forced to face a fate like every other failed business enterprise, and it ran out of cash. The reason for the collapse was not merely loss of confidence rather it was one of the following reasons. One of the more shocking things to gallop down is that the escalating rise in the company's earnings and it's coming up on the Fortune top ten list was a big cover for the number of failures and faults of the company and the damage done by the tangled web of financial deals and related companies which led to an enormous burden of debt on the company, Enron. We can call it good or bad, but the aggressive and artistic accounting practices and market power helped them in ensuring that the secret of the company remain intact, even if that was or a short period. In the year 1997, operating results around $515m along with a profit margin of $105m was reported by the company, keeping in mind the non-recurring amount of $410m which as per the company allowed them to make their deck for all the future works and growth. From that time around until the summer months of 2001, the escalation of profits and company's earnings were quite spectacular to have a look at and the company was able to meet the minimum set bar for earnings target and many times cross that margin in as many as 20 successive quarters. The annual results of these publications for the company was $698m in the year 1998, $957m in the year 1999 and the year 200, it was $1.266bn. (www.westhardfortoc.org) Analyzing the case with different leadership theories Well, it is a fact well known that no particular set of qualities decides whether a leader will be good or bad rather various scenarios and conditions required a different set of leadership qualities which can qualify him/her as a successful leader. But then, on the other hand, this also does not imply that a person cannot learn or inculcate qualities within them which will help them being effective leaders. It is quant essential to understand the various theories of leadership to use the right approach at the right place and time and anchor the firm to safety in difficult times (Yukl, 2006). So now let us examine this given case of Enron Company with a different set of leadership theories. Trait theory It is said that real leaders share some common traits, and the earlier trait theories stated that leaders should be instinctive, innate, but now hopefully, we have moved ahead of times and these criteria' have changed. This approach helps us in identifying the traits of the leader Now, if we are supposed to label different characteristics of Jeff Skilling, then they can be Gutsy, confident, motivational but unethical, adventurous and aggressive. Behavioral theories This theory focuses on how does a leader behave and act. For example, do they ask for cooperation or do they dictate terms? There are three types of leader namely autocratic leaders who make decisions without any consultation with the team, and it is helpful while taking decisions quickly, then there are Democratic leaders who wait for their team to give input and then proceed. Although, it can be a time taking activity it ensures that decision has been made with the help of management. Lastly, there are laissez-faire leaders who dont interfere. These leaders let different units to make their decisions and act accordingly as the situation demands. It is good when the employees are highly skilled, but it can raise doubt that leader is lazy and inactive. In this case, Jeff can be regarded as the Aristocratic leader reason being he had the whole sole power of management, board of director and all the other units. Employees were forced to work in a particular style; management was asked to reject the employees who did not adhere to the given instructions, and even board of directors was ineffective in front of his plans and strategies (Mcofney, 2012). Contingency theories Nowadays, people realize that no set of perfect leader and a leader should perform as per the situation demands. Some of the more famous theories are Path-goal Theory and Fiedlers Contingency Theory. As pet the situation demands in the given case study, Jeff should have taken help of his management and that would have reaped success instead of company's failure Power and influence theories These theories have an altogether different approach wherein the leaders opt to use their power and influence in a various manner for getting the job done from an employee. One of the best theories is French and Ravens Five Forms of power. This model signifies about three positions of authority- reward, coercive and legitimate and then to sources for personal power namely expert and referent (i.e. personal charm and appeal). As per this theory, it is advantageous to use one's personal power for leading, and one should work on his/her expert power (this power comes from having expertise in that particular job). The other control theory is of transactional leadership. As per this theory, people work for rewards and nothing else bothers them. Hence, it focuses on making compensation models. Although it is not the best approach for stabilizing the work environment, it can help leaders (McDonough, 2012). The latter approach is what was chosen by Jeff for keeping the profits high at the sake of unethical culture and environment. (theleadership.blogpost.com) How does leadership affect culture It is important to understand the gravity of the fact that leaders, as well as managers, hold the key to motivation, innovation and smooth working of any firm and which in turns benefits the organization. More importantly, different kinds of leaders have a different kind of impact on the whole setup of an organization, workplace environment or in short the culture of enterprise. A leader is a person who moulds and shapes the thinking and the manner in which rest of the employees of an organization behave, hence, it is crucial to the values, and working style of the leader aligns with the values, philosophy, and missions (Guest, 2013). Leaders are the one who set short-term missions for the organization achieving which the organization I able to reach its final milestone in a given frame of time; leaders are the one who affect the culture within an organization and in turn impact the long-term effectiveness of a firm. A leader or a manager has got the role of setting up boundaries or context within which other employees strive hard to achieve excellence and the organizational goals (Baeur, 2014). A real leader is not one who treads on a wrong path just for the sake of profit making, but a true leader is one who can bring a disillusioned or de-motivated firm back on track with the promise of working harder and innovatively. This was missing quite evidently in the leadership of Jeff Skilling as the CEO of the Enron Company. Some would say that it was his ability to work his way round the tricky regulations and rules which made him a dynamic leader, but as it is visible from the case, Jeff went way too far then just simply challenging the regulations boundary. It is entirely true that the culture of an organization is governed by the qualities of a leader, so was the case in this Enron case study. The employees were ready to make profits anyhow and for that, they even kept company's integrity and ethicality at stakes. The culture of risk taking as well as profit making eroded the very backbone of company's concept of integrity, respect, communication, and excellence. The leaders of the organization gave freedom to the employees for undertaking unethical modes for making profits or manipulating the estimates of profit making. Enron could have still saved itself from ultimate failure if the leaders had put a check on the reckless and ruthless culture of the organization which was booming due to the attraction of incentives and the pressure of keeping the job. (jjlewis.org) Steps required for reducing the unethical behaviour demonstrated in the case study To recommend measures for the wrong or unethical behaviour described in the case study, it becomes imperative first to discuss the different immoral activities which were going on inside Enron. Firstly, the lawyers and accountants went way off the grid and were ready to hide every dirty act of the company, some would say that lawyers are supposed to help its client, by any means possible, but then it is not to say that they can put thousands of employees and stake holders in the harm's way. Secondly, the transfer of energy from within California to create an artificial blackout was a heinous and unethical activity with which the company was able to earn billions of money. Thirdly, the board of directors was also unethical in their working, although, they are regarded as the harbinger of loyalty, trust, sufficiency and guardians of ethical code. It is sad to say that those who were assigned to be responsible for the stakeholders were the most irresponsible facet of the entire chain (Kuhlmann, 2015). The performance review committee of the management was also unethically removing the staff members. The cover for removing these staff members was that they did not deliver as per the core values of the systems, but actual reason was that the employees who generated more paper profit were entertained, and the rest were discarded, and new hires were added. Much more such activities were a part of the system but now let us talk how could have Enron overcome such obstacles. Some of the steps are: 1. Enron desperately required a change in leadership because a leaders traits affect the working of an organization and Jeffs nature of playing smart till the edge technique was seriously hampering the ethical code of the firm. 2. Enron is required to accept its mistake in public, remove the mal board of directors and re-instigate a new and loyal set of directors who can feel responsible to stakeholders, hence, building back the so important trust 3. The next thing to do is that the employees should be kept in check, and their incentive should have a higher limit such that they do not opt for unethical ways to earn more and save their jobs 4. The employees should be judged by how well they follow the actual core values and not how much paper profit they can generate for the company. (www.ethicalpost.com) Recommendations After going through the entire case study and analyzing each and every aspect of the firm, it would be good enough to provide certain recommendations to Enron or any other company which is falling on the same track. We have gone through all the given questions and answered them analytically and elaborately. Now some of the recommendations are: 1. It is important to keep a check on the leaders intention for the company and how far can he go to make profits and maintaining the fine balance between the integrity of companys policies, ethicality and success of the company or profit making by any means possible (International, 2012) 2. The culture of the organization depends on the leader as well as the boards of the director which in this case has been a total failure, rather out of seventeen board members seven of these members were found to have inside trading with the firm or had sponsorship trading relationship with the firm. 3. A committee should be made which would look after the functioning of all the different bodies of the company such that these fiascos can be dealt with in the very starting of the problem. Various parts and leaders of the organization should be accountable to a particular committee which would only surveillance the efficiency of the organization. 4. Profit making should be a key target of the firm, but greed is not good, the company should not take help of unethical of cheap tactics for making millions or billions of profit Conclusion The following paper has helped us in understanding various concepts related to leadership, the culture of an organization, bankruptcy, profit making and many another subject. It is essential to notice that the paper has given a clear and elaborative insight on various questions asked in the case study which ranged from dependability of culture on leadership, steps required for minimizing the impact of unethical activities on the working of Enron. The paper ends with providing you with some recommendations for the company. The company, Enron was taking help of unethical activities for hiding the strangled web of the due loan and the pressure of massive debt on the organization. It was possible mainly with the aid of different leaders including the board of directors of the company. 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